The event gathered high-level international experts and practitioners who investigated the most topical issues related to the implementation of IHL rules in conflict-affected areas in times of pandemics, with particular attention to the legal and operational challenges arising from such a critical combination of humanitarian crises. The specialised debate not only dealt with the role of humanitarian actors in providing assistance to the civil population affected by the double threat pandemic-armed conflict or with the protection of civilians living in areas controlled by Non-State Armed Groups during the pandemic. Additionally, it analysed the diversified role played by armed forces in response to the Covid-19 emergency in many countries of the world.